Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical stability. Accurately mapping these voids is fundamental for ensuring the soundness of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole logging, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar
Cavity characterization plays a vital role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity geometry and characteristics is essential for precisely assessing the potential impact on structures . Geotechnical engineers utilize diverse techniques to characterize cavities, including exploratory drilling . These methods yield valua
Geophysical exploration employs a crucial role in the identification and assessment of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can penetrate beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and anomalies indicative of mineral concentration. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation